![]() ![]() Under HRI, other methods of ensuring safety of robots to humans include safety-rated monitored stop, hand-guiding, speed and separation monitoring, power and force limiting 24, 25, 26. In most cases, the problem is mitigated through enhancing the robot’s hardware and software, exploring deployments of advanced controlling methods 17, 18, complex hardware designs 19, robust sensors integration 20, 21, reconfigurable mechanisms 22, and artificial intelligence frameworks 23. Like any other machinery under normal circumstances, human accidents or injuries can happen due to factors such as the failure of a robot’s components 14, unpredictable movements 15 by both robots and humans, as well as the crossing of workspace boundaries 16 between the two. Most works define the term “robot safety” as safety to humans 11, 12, 13 during their operation. Ensuring the safety of robots will allow the robot to perform at its full potential where the completion of required tasks are guaranteed and to achieve high productivity rates in the process. The term “robot safety” in this paper refers to the safety of service robots. Dhillon 10 outlined three aspects of robot safety: preventing damage on the environment by robots, preventing harm to humans by robots, and preventing damage to the robots themselves. This brings up the importance of clarifying the definition of the term “robot safety” to gain a better understanding of who the target stakeholders are in the aspect of human-robot interactions (HRI). ![]() In order for humans to reap the full benefits of utilising service robots, it is vital to consider and ensure the safety of these service robots 9. It is thus essential that the built environment supports the leveraging of such advanced technology in smart campuses and smart cities. These robots are often equipped with various sensors and technical algorithms such as Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) to sense their surroundings, localise and to move. For mobile robotic systems, data inputs from sensory information obtained from the environment are used in machine learning and map-building 7 are crucial elements for autonomous navigation or inducing other actions 8. 6 highlighted that emerging technologies can be integrated to provide new learning opportunities such as via virtual systems to interact in cyber-physical conditions. In the setting of smart campuses, Dong et al. Delivery services on mobile robotic platforms, teachers operating as avatars and humans meeting remotely for training and education are just some of the possibilities of applications identified in 5. ![]() Often defined as a physical embodiment of a computer system with a certain level of autonomy 2, 4, service robots aid in a wide spectrum of use applications such as healthcare, manufacturing and education. Productivity increase 1, cost reduction 2 and reduced reliance on human labour 3 are some of the wide ranging benefits that implementation of service robots and AI bring to organisations across various industries. There is burgeoning use of Artifical Intelligence (AI), Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and service robots as cities transition towards “Smart Cities”.
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